Mu gitondo cy’ubukonje i Boston mu 1930, havutse umwana witwa Frederick Wiseman. Yavukiye mu muryango w’abimukira b’Abayahudi, azengurutswe n’inkuru z’ubuzima bwo guhangana, indangagaciro zo kwihangana, no kureba ibintu neza. Nubwo yari akiri umwana, Frederick ntiyakundaga urusaku cyangwa kwigaragaza cyane. Yari umwana ureba, wumva, ugatekereza ku byo abona. Yatangiraga kumenya uburyo abantu bavugana n’uko inzego z’ubuzima zibagiraho ingaruka.Ababyeyi be bifuzaga ko akurikiza inzira itekanye mu buzima. Mu gihe runaka, yarabikoze.
Amateka y’ ubuzima bwite bwa Frederick Wiseman
Frederick yize amategeko, abanza muri Williams College, nyuma ajya Yale Law School. Yabaye umunyamategeko, hanyuma akora igisirikare cya Amerika. Nyuma yaho, ubuzima bwaramujyanye i Paris ari kumwe n’umugore we Zipporah Batshaw. I Paris, hari ikintu cyatangiye guhinduka buhoro buhoro. Yatangiye gutwara kamera ntoya, atari ugushaka kuba umuhanzi, ahubwo ari ugushaka kureba no kwiga. Yafotora amasoko, imihanda, n’abantu mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Ntabwo yari akiri umuyobozi wa filime, ahubwo yari umuntu witegereza isi.
Agarutse i Boston, yabaye umwarimu w’amategeko muri Boston University. Yigishaga amasomo yiswe “Law and Medicine”. Kugira ngo amasomo arusheho gusobanuka, yajyanaga abanyeshuri hanze y’ishuri mu bitaro, mu nkiko, no mu bigo by’indwara zo mu mutwe. Urugendo rumwe muri ibyo, mu kigo cy’indwara zo mu mutwe cyari kirimo n’abafunzwe, rwahinduye ubuzima bwe burundu.
Yabonye ko atari abarwayi gusa, ahubwo ari sisiteme yose y’ubutegetsi n’imikorere y’inzego. Yabonye ko inyuma y’ubuvuzi hari imbaraga z’ubuyobozi, si impuhwe gusa. Aho ni ho yamenyeye ko inkuru zikomeye zitari mu bitabo, ahubwo ari mu buzima bwa buri munsi.Icyo cyabaye intangiriro y’inzira ye nshya.
Mu myaka ya 1960, Frederick Wiseman yafashe icyemezo cyo gukora filime. Ntiyari afite amashuri ya sinema, nta n’ubumenyi bwa tekiniki buhambaye. Yari afite gusa amatsiko no kureba. Yafashe amashusho mu kigo cy’indwara zo mu mutwe muri Massachusetts. Ibyo yafashe byari ukuri kudateguwe, kutanditse, kandi rimwe na rimwe kubabaza. Ibyo byabaye filime ye ya mbere ikomeye: Titicut Follies (1967).
Iyo filime yatumye abantu batangara. Yerekanye uburyo abafunzwe n’abarwayi bafatwaga mu buryo bukomeye kandi butavugwaho rumwe. Ndetse iyo filime yarabujijwe kwerekanwa mu gihe runaka. Ariko Wiseman yari yamaze kubona inzira ye.Ntabwo yashakaga kubwira abantu icyo batekereza. Yashakaga kubereka ibiriho nyakuri.Kuva icyo gihe, uburyo bwe bwahindutse umwihariko.
Yinjiraga mu kigo runaka afite itsinda rito cyane. Nta narrator, nta interviews zateguwe, nta muziki ubwira abantu uko bumva ibintu. Yafata amashusho mu byumweru cyangwa amezi, akabika amasaha menshi cyane y’ibyo yafashe. Nyuma agafata umwaka wose mu gutunganya (editing), akubaka inkuru mu buryo bushya.Buri filime ye yabaga nk’isi nshya ivumbuwe.
Ishuri ryabaye High School. Ibitaro byabaye Hospital. Ibiro by’imfashanyo byabaye Welfare. Ubuyobozi bw’umujyi bwabaye City Hall. Isomero ryabaye Ex Libris. Buri kigo cyagaragazaga ibintu bitandukanye by’ubuzima: amategeko, ubusumbane, imirimo ya leta, n’ubuzima bw’abantu.
Wiseman ntiyigeze ategura inkuru mbere. Yinjiraga aho akorera filime adafite “thesis”, ahubwo akareka ibintu bikamwigisha. Mu gutunganya filime, yibazaga ibibazo: Kuki ibi bibaye aha? Kuki aya magambo ari ngombwa? Kuki iki gice gikurikira ikindi?
Buhoro buhoro, inkuru yaravukaga ntiyateguwe, ahubwo yavumbuwe.Filime ze zarareraga, rimwe na rimwe zigafata amasaha menshi, ariko yabonaga ko ubuzima ubwabwo atari bugufi, bityo no kubusobanukirwa ntibigomba kuba bigufi.
Mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi yakurikiyeho, Wiseman yabaye umwe mu bayobozi ba documentary bubashywe cyane ku isi. Nubwo yamenyekanye, yakomeje gukora mu bwigunge, akora mu cyumba cyo gutunganyirizamo filime iminsi myinshi, amezi menshi, nk’umunyabugeni ucukura ibuye ashaka ishusho yihishemo.
Yagiraga intego imwe: kwerekana ukuri uko kuri, si ukugusobanura uko umuntu abyifuza.Ageze mu myaka ye ya nyuma, yari amaze gukora filime nyinshi zigaragaza ubuzima muri Amerika n’i Burayi. Zose zagaragazaga uko abantu babaho mu nzego zitandukanye: amashuri, ibitaro, inkiko, n’ubuyobozi.Ariko igitekerezo kimwe cyakomeje kumuyobora:
Abantu baragoye. Inzego ziragoye. Ukuri ntigufite uruhande rumwe.Frederick Wiseman ntiyigeze agerageza gusobanura isi nk’uko yayitekerezaga. Yarayerekanaga.Mu gukora ibyo, yahinduye uburyo sinema ibonwamo si fiction, si journalisme gusa, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo kwitegereza ubuzima nyakuri mu mwihindagurikire wabwo bwose.
N’ubu, filime ze ziracyari nk’amadirishya afunguye ku buzima: acecetse, arambuye, kandi yuzuye ubumuntu.Kandi muri ayo masaha menshi y’amashusho, hagati y’ijwi no guceceka, hagati y’imvururu n’ituze, uwureba aracyabona ibyo Wiseman yagiye ashakisha ubuzima bwe bwose:si ibisubizo ahubwo ni gusobanukirwa.
