Luis de Carvajal yari umuyahudi w’ibanga wabayeho mu kinyejana cya 16 muri Mexique ya gikoroni. Inkuru ye yihariye yerekana uko Abayahudi b’abahindutse (“conversos”) bagiye bahangana n’Inquisition ndetse bagashaka kubaho mu buzima bushya muri Amerika.

Iyi nkuru yatangiye guhwihwiswa cyane ahagana mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 19, ubwo Abayahudi benshi baturukaga mu Burusiya no mu Burayi bw’Iburasirazuba bajyaga muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Kuri aba bimukira, umwaka wa 1492 wari ufite igisobanuro gikubye kabiri: umwaka Abayahudi birukanywe muri Espagne, ndetse n’umwaka wa voyage ya Columbus. Kuri icyo gihe, ubwo benshi mu Banyamerika babonaga Columbus nk’intwari, igitekerezo cy’uko ashobora kuba yari umwe muri bo cyabahaga umuyoboro wo kwiyumva mu ntangiriro z’igihugu cyabo gishya no mu nkuru y’ubwisanzure bwo guhunga agahotoro ko mu Burayi bwa kera.

Ikibazo ku bitekerezo by’uko Columbus yaba yari Umuyahudi si uko gusa bishingiye ku bimenyetso byoroshye. Ahubwo binakoma mu nkokora inkuru nyakuri kandi igoye y’Abayahudi b’Abanya-Espagne bageze muri Amerika. Mu kinyejana cya 15, Abayahudi bo mu bwami bwa Espagne bahuye n’ihitamo rikomeye: guhinduka Abakirisitu cyangwa guhunga igihugu imiryango yabo yari imaze amagana y’imyaka ibamo. Abayahudi bo muri Portugal na bo bahuye n’itotezwa nk’iryo. Impande zombi zashakaga kumva ko zibayeho mu buryo bwemewe.

Abayahudi ba mbere bageze muri Amerika, mu by’ukuri, ntabwo bari Abayahudi basanzwe, ahubwo bari “conversos,” bisobanuye “abahindutse” n’abakomoka kuri bo. Nyuma y’igihe kirekire cy’amahoro mu butaka bwa Iberia, mu mpeshyi ya 1391 Abayahudi batewe n’ubugizi bwa nabi buturutse mu baturage, ibihumbi by’abo bahinduwe ku ngufu. Nubwo aba conversos bari ku mugaragaro Abakirisitu, abaturanyi babo babarebaga babahora ku mutima. Bamwe muri bo bari “Abayahudi b’ibanga,” bagikomeza kwizera umuco wabo wa kera rwihishwa.

Leta ya Espagne yashinze Inquisition kugira ngo irandure abo itekereza ko ari abayoboke b’ibyigomeke ku idini – cyane cyane abahinduye bavuye mu idini rya kiyahudi cyangwa Islamu. Mu 1492, abami Ferdinand na Isabella bahaye Abayahudi amahitamo: guhinduka cyangwa guhunga. Nyuma y’igihe, n’abandi bahindutse bavuye muri Islamu barirukanywe.

Abahindutse bamwe bahisemo kujya kubaka ubuzima bushya mu bwami bushya bwa Espagne. Nk’uko umwanditsi w’amateka Jonathan Israel abivuga, Abayahudi n’abahindutse bari “abahuza n’abahohotewe” n’iyi mpinduramatwara. Bari bafite ubumenyi ku rurimi n’umuco wa Espagne, bashobora kwinjira mu bukungu bushya: ubucuruzi bwa sukari, imyenda, ibirungo, n’ubucuruzi bw’abacakara.

Ariko bari bafite ibyago byinshi: bashoboraga gutakaza byose cyangwa gutwikwa ari bazima kubera ibyo bizera. Iyi “double consciousness” – kuba mu muryango ariko udawurimo neza – ituma aba conversos ari ingenzi cyane mu gusobanukirwa Amerika ya gikoroni.

Luis de Carvajal Umuyahudi mu ibanga

Umwe muri abo conversos yari Luis de Carvajal. Nyirarume we, witwaga kimwe – Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva – yari umucuruzi, umucakara n’umukoloni. Yagizwe guverineri w’Ubwami bushya bwa León, mu majyaruguru ya Mexique. Mu 1579 yazanye imiryango ye kumufasha gutura no kuyobora ako karere.

Nyirarume yari Umukirisitu ushaka kwitandukanya n’amateka ye ya kiyahudi. Ariko Luis muto yari Umuyahudi w’ibanga, wahimbaga amasengesho yo gusenga Imana ya Isiraheli, agerageza no gukurikiza amategeko ya Torah.

Mu 1595, ubwo Luis n’umuryango we batawe muri yombi n’Inquisition, igitabo cye cyanditsemo amasengesho cyafashwe nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubuzima bwe bw’idini. Luis, nyina na mushiki we baratwitswe, ariko agasanduku gato karimo ibyo bitekerezo by’umwuka kararokotse.

Luis yakuye ibitekerezo mu mico y’Abagatolika nka Fray Luis de Granada, akanakurikirana inyigisho za Maimonides. Yakoraga muri kaminuza ya Santiago de Tlatelolco i Mexico City. Umwuka we wari uw’Amerika: ubutayu bunini, imiyaga ikaze ya Mexique, n’imico y’abaturage kavukire byagize uruhare mu mibereho ye. Igitabo cye gito ni igihamya cy’umuco uhebuje wavukiye mu buhuzagurike bw’Isi Nshya n’Ishaje.

Abayahudi banze guhinduka mu 1492 bahatiwe guhunga no kubuzwa kujya mu ntara za Espagne. Urugendo rw’umuryango wa Ha-Kohen rugaragaza ibi: bavuye i Espagne bajya i Avignon, bamukira i Genoa ariko birukanywa inshuro nyinshi. Nubwo ibyo byose byabaye, Ha-Kohen yabaye muganga n’umuyobozi w’Abayahudi. Yanditse igitabo cyitwa “Historia General de las Indias” ashingiye ku cyari cyanditswe n’Umusipanyolo Gómara, ariko akagihindura ku buryo kidashyigikira ibikorwa by’ubukoloni.

Ha-Kohen yasibye aho bavuga ko Amerika ari ubutaka bwa Espagne, akamagana ibikorwa by’Abasipanyolo ku baturage kavukire. Hari aho agereranya Abarinzi kavukire n’Abisirayeli ba kera, ahandi akabita “abari mu mwijima.

Guhindura ibyo aba bagabo banditse si ugushyira amagambo mu rundi rurimi gusa. Ni no kugaragaza uko Abayahudi n’abahindutse babonaga isi. Uko babonaga isi bitanga ishusho y’amateka asobetse hagati y’u Burayi, Amerika, n’ubuzima bwo hagati y’isi ebyiri bwaranze Abayahudi mu gihe cy’amateka y’isi nshya.